Investigation of Loneliness in the Elderly in Terms of Various Variables
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Published
Jul 31, 2019
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Abstract
It is thought that loneliness, which is a psychological state peculiar to man, has existed since humanexistence. A natural feeling for every person, loneliness, at all times of life, whether a child, young orold, suffering a person experienced, psychological well-being negatively affects the unpleasant state of mind. Loneliness increases gradually and with age. Loneliness is a global social problem since it is experienced in different degrees in almost every country when it is evaluated and evaluated in terms of elderly people. Especially in developed countries, with the effects of modernization on human life, loneliness has increased in the elderly and has started to be considered as a problem.
The aim of this study is to investigate the cases of loneliness in the elderly in terms of variousvariables. The study examined whether the level of isolation of the elderly differs according to somevariables (gender, marital status, age, where they live, number of child ownership, educational level, working status, monthly income level). The study group consists of 809 elder people living in Kayseri in 2015. Data on the levels of loneliness of the elderly were collected with “food loneliness scale”. Forthe collection of data on personal variables, the “personal data form” prepared by the researchers wasused. In addition to descriptive statistics in the analysis of data, t test applied to independent groups, one-way variance analysis and kvh analysis were applied to determine whether the levels of Solitudediffered according to variables. The study found that the marital status of the elderly, age, where theylived, the number of children, educational level, working status and monthly income levels differ significantly.
The aim of this study is to investigate the cases of loneliness in the elderly in terms of variousvariables. The study examined whether the level of isolation of the elderly differs according to somevariables (gender, marital status, age, where they live, number of child ownership, educational level, working status, monthly income level). The study group consists of 809 elder people living in Kayseri in 2015. Data on the levels of loneliness of the elderly were collected with “food loneliness scale”. Forthe collection of data on personal variables, the “personal data form” prepared by the researchers wasused. In addition to descriptive statistics in the analysis of data, t test applied to independent groups, one-way variance analysis and kvh analysis were applied to determine whether the levels of Solitudediffered according to variables. The study found that the marital status of the elderly, age, where theylived, the number of children, educational level, working status and monthly income levels differ significantly.
Article Details
How to Cite
AKGÜL, Hanife; AYER, Zeynep.
Investigation of Loneliness in the Elderly in Terms of Various Variables.
Journal of Multidisciplinary Developments, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 105-115, july 2019.
ISSN 2564-6095.
Available at: <http://www.jomude.com/index.php/jomude/article/view/77>. Date accessed: 21 jan. 2025.
Section
Social Sciences - Regular Research Paper
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References
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Ceyhan, S., (2005). Kayseri Nuh Naci Yazgan Sağlık Ocağı Bölgesinde Yaşayan 65 Yaş Ve Üstü Bireylerin Yalnızlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Araştırma Deseni (Çev. Selçuk Beşir DEMİR). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
Çekal, N., (2006). “Huzurevinde Kalan Yaşlıların Beslenme Servisi Örgütünden Memnuniyet Durumları”. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(10), 43-53.
Danış M. Z., (2008). “Yaşlılık, Yoksulluk ve Yalnızlık”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Geriatri Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (Date of Access: 18.09.2015)
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De Jong Gierveld, J., (1988). “A Review Of Loneliness: Concept And Definitions, Determinants, And Consequences”. Review in Clinical Gerontology, 8, 73-80.
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Dereli, F., Koca, B., Demircan, S., and Tor, N. (2010). “Bir Huzurevinde Kalan Yaşlıların Yalnızlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Yeni Tıp Dergisi, 27, 93-97.
Dykstra, P. A., (2009). “Older Adult Loneliness: Myths and Realities”. European Journal of Ageing, 6, 91–100. DOI: 10.1007/s10433-009-0110-3. (Date of Access: 25.03.2018). http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10433-009-0110-3
Erikson, E. H., (1982). The Life Cycle Completed. New York: Norton.
Ersoy, E. (2009). “Cinsiyet Kültürü İçerisinde Kadın ve Erkek Kimliği: Malatya Örneği”. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(19), 209-230.
Eshbaugh, E., (2009). “The Role Of Friends İn Predicting Loneliness Among Older Women Living Alone”. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 35(5),13–16. (Date of Access: 11.10.2014). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19476188
Hawkley, L. C. and Cacioppo, J. T., (2010). “Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms”. Annals of BehavioralMedicine, 40(2), 218-227. DOI 10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8. (Date of Access: 30.12.2014). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874845/#__ffn_sectitle
Kalkınma Bakanlığı, (2014). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı. Yaşlanma, Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara.
Khorshıd L., Eşer İ., Zaybak A., Yapucu Ü., Arslan G., and Çınar Ş. (2004). “Huzurevinde Kalan Yaşlıların Yalnızlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 7, 45-50.
Masi, C. M., Chen, H. Y., Hawkley, L. C. and Cacioppo, J. T., ( 2011). “A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness”. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 15(3), 219-266. http://psr.sagepub.com/content/15/3/219 (Date of Access: 25.11.2015).
Melkas, T. ve Jylha, M. (1996). Social network characteristic and social network types among elderly people in finland. H. Lıtwın (Ed.), TheSocial Networks of Older People A-Cross-National Analysis, USA: Praeger Publishers.
Pierce, L.L., Wilkinson, L.K., ve Anderson J., (2003). “Analysis Of The Concept Of Aloneness. As Applied To Older Women Being Treated For Depression”. Journal of Gerontol Nursing. 29 (7) 20-25.
Pinquart, M., (2003). “Loneliness in Married, Widowed, Divorced, and Never-Married Older Adults”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(1), 31–53. DOI:10.1177/02654075030201002. http://spr.sagepub.com/content/20/1/31 (Date of Access: 25.11.2015).
Revenson, T.A. (1986). Debunking The Myth Of Loneliness İn Late Life. In E. Seidmen and J. Rappaport(Eds.). Redefining Social Problems (115-135), New York: Plenum Press.
Rokach, A., (2000). “Percieved Causes of Loneliness in Adulthood”. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(1), 67-84.
Schoenmakers, E. C, van Tilburg, T.G. and Fokkema, T., (2012). “Coping With Loneliness: What Do Older Adults Suggest?”. Aging & Mental Health, 16(3), 353-360. (Date of Access: 25.11.2015).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13607863.2011.630373
Stone, J., Evandrou, M. and Falkingham, J., (2013). “The Transition To Living Alone and Psychological Distress in Later Life”. Age and Ageing. 42(3), 366-72. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft006. (Date of Access: 25.11.2015). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633366
Tel, H., and Sabancıoğulları, S. (2006). “Evde Ve Kurumda Yaşayan 60 Yaş Ve Üzeri Bireylerin Günlük Yaşam Aktivitelerini Sürdürme ve Yalnızlık Yaşama Durumu”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics. 9, 34-40.
Treacy, P., Butler, M., Byrne, A., Drennan, J., Fealy, G., Frazer, K. and Irving, K., (2004). Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older Irish People. Dublin: School of Nursing and Midwifery University College, No: 84.
TÜİK, (2013). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Date of Access: 27.01.2015).
Tümerdem, Y., (2006). “Gerçek Yaş”. Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 9(3),195-196. http://geriatri.dergisi.org/text.php3?id=310 (Date of Access: 15.10.2014).
Tornstam, L., (2007). “Stereotypes of old people persist: A Swedish “Facts on aging quiz” in a 23- year comparative perspective”. International Journal of Aging and Later Life, 2(1), 33- 59. (Date of Access: 15.02.2016) http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/ijal/2007/v2/i1/a3/ijal07v2i1a3.pdf
Victor, C. R., Bowling, C. R., and Bond, J., (2002). Loneliness, Social Isolation and Living Alone in Later Life. Sheffield: ESRC.
Victor, C. R, Scameler, S., and Bond, J., (2012). The Socıal World Order of Older People, New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. E-book ISBN: 978- 0-8261- 0800-5 Bilkent Üniversitesi.
Wright, S.L., (2005). Loneliness in the Workplace, A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of, Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at the University of Canterbury. (Date of Access: 11.03.2017) https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35458935.pdf
Akyüz, A., (2004). Huzurevi ve Evde Yaşayan Yaşlıların, Yalnızlık ve Depresyon Düzeyleri ile Sosyal Destek Sistemleri Açısından Karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İç Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
Barron C.R., Foxall M.J, Dollen K.V, Jones P.A and Kelly A.S.(1994). “Marital Status, Social Support and Loneliness in Visually Impaired Elderly People”. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19, 272-80
Beal, C., (2006). “Loneliness in Olderwomen: A Review of the Literature”. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27, 795–813. DOI: 10.1080/01612840600781196 (Date of Access: 18.03.2018). http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01612840600781196?journalCode =imhn20
Bekhet, A. K. and Zauszniewski, J. A., (2012). “Mental Health of Elders in Retirement Communities: Is loneliness a Key Factor?”. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 26 (3), 214-224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361680/ (Date of Access: 18.11.2014).
Büyüköztürk, S., Çakmak, E.K., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, S. and Demirel, F. (2009). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri (1. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Ceyhan, S., (2005). Kayseri Nuh Naci Yazgan Sağlık Ocağı Bölgesinde Yaşayan 65 Yaş Ve Üstü Bireylerin Yalnızlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Araştırma Deseni (Çev. Selçuk Beşir DEMİR). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
Çekal, N., (2006). “Huzurevinde Kalan Yaşlıların Beslenme Servisi Örgütünden Memnuniyet Durumları”. Aile ve Toplum Dergisi, 3(10), 43-53.
Danış M. Z., (2008). “Yaşlılık, Yoksulluk ve Yalnızlık”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Geriatri Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (Date of Access: 18.09.2015)
http://www.gebam.hacettepe.edu.tr/sosyal_boyut/yaslilik yoksuluk_yanlizlik.pdf
De Jong Gierveld, J., (1988). “A Review Of Loneliness: Concept And Definitions, Determinants, And Consequences”. Review in Clinical Gerontology, 8, 73-80.
De Jong Gierveld, J., and Van Tilburg, T. G., (2011). Manual of The Loneliness Scale 1999, VU University, Amsterdam, 8 Ocak 2013, (Date of Access: 25.11.2015). http://home.fsw.vu.nl/tg.van.tilburg/manual_loneliness_scale_1999.html
Dereli, F., Koca, B., Demircan, S., and Tor, N. (2010). “Bir Huzurevinde Kalan Yaşlıların Yalnızlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Yeni Tıp Dergisi, 27, 93-97.
Dykstra, P. A., (2009). “Older Adult Loneliness: Myths and Realities”. European Journal of Ageing, 6, 91–100. DOI: 10.1007/s10433-009-0110-3. (Date of Access: 25.03.2018). http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10433-009-0110-3
Erikson, E. H., (1982). The Life Cycle Completed. New York: Norton.
Ersoy, E. (2009). “Cinsiyet Kültürü İçerisinde Kadın ve Erkek Kimliği: Malatya Örneği”. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(19), 209-230.
Eshbaugh, E., (2009). “The Role Of Friends İn Predicting Loneliness Among Older Women Living Alone”. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 35(5),13–16. (Date of Access: 11.10.2014). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19476188
Hawkley, L. C. and Cacioppo, J. T., (2010). “Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms”. Annals of BehavioralMedicine, 40(2), 218-227. DOI 10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8. (Date of Access: 30.12.2014). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874845/#__ffn_sectitle
Kalkınma Bakanlığı, (2014). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı. Yaşlanma, Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara.
Khorshıd L., Eşer İ., Zaybak A., Yapucu Ü., Arslan G., and Çınar Ş. (2004). “Huzurevinde Kalan Yaşlıların Yalnızlık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 7, 45-50.
Masi, C. M., Chen, H. Y., Hawkley, L. C. and Cacioppo, J. T., ( 2011). “A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness”. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 15(3), 219-266. http://psr.sagepub.com/content/15/3/219 (Date of Access: 25.11.2015).
Melkas, T. ve Jylha, M. (1996). Social network characteristic and social network types among elderly people in finland. H. Lıtwın (Ed.), TheSocial Networks of Older People A-Cross-National Analysis, USA: Praeger Publishers.
Pierce, L.L., Wilkinson, L.K., ve Anderson J., (2003). “Analysis Of The Concept Of Aloneness. As Applied To Older Women Being Treated For Depression”. Journal of Gerontol Nursing. 29 (7) 20-25.
Pinquart, M., (2003). “Loneliness in Married, Widowed, Divorced, and Never-Married Older Adults”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(1), 31–53. DOI:10.1177/02654075030201002. http://spr.sagepub.com/content/20/1/31 (Date of Access: 25.11.2015).
Revenson, T.A. (1986). Debunking The Myth Of Loneliness İn Late Life. In E. Seidmen and J. Rappaport(Eds.). Redefining Social Problems (115-135), New York: Plenum Press.
Rokach, A., (2000). “Percieved Causes of Loneliness in Adulthood”. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(1), 67-84.
Schoenmakers, E. C, van Tilburg, T.G. and Fokkema, T., (2012). “Coping With Loneliness: What Do Older Adults Suggest?”. Aging & Mental Health, 16(3), 353-360. (Date of Access: 25.11.2015).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13607863.2011.630373
Stone, J., Evandrou, M. and Falkingham, J., (2013). “The Transition To Living Alone and Psychological Distress in Later Life”. Age and Ageing. 42(3), 366-72. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft006. (Date of Access: 25.11.2015). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633366
Tel, H., and Sabancıoğulları, S. (2006). “Evde Ve Kurumda Yaşayan 60 Yaş Ve Üzeri Bireylerin Günlük Yaşam Aktivitelerini Sürdürme ve Yalnızlık Yaşama Durumu”. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics. 9, 34-40.
Treacy, P., Butler, M., Byrne, A., Drennan, J., Fealy, G., Frazer, K. and Irving, K., (2004). Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older Irish People. Dublin: School of Nursing and Midwifery University College, No: 84.
TÜİK, (2013). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Date of Access: 27.01.2015).
Tümerdem, Y., (2006). “Gerçek Yaş”. Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 9(3),195-196. http://geriatri.dergisi.org/text.php3?id=310 (Date of Access: 15.10.2014).
Tornstam, L., (2007). “Stereotypes of old people persist: A Swedish “Facts on aging quiz” in a 23- year comparative perspective”. International Journal of Aging and Later Life, 2(1), 33- 59. (Date of Access: 15.02.2016) http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/ijal/2007/v2/i1/a3/ijal07v2i1a3.pdf
Victor, C. R., Bowling, C. R., and Bond, J., (2002). Loneliness, Social Isolation and Living Alone in Later Life. Sheffield: ESRC.
Victor, C. R, Scameler, S., and Bond, J., (2012). The Socıal World Order of Older People, New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. E-book ISBN: 978- 0-8261- 0800-5 Bilkent Üniversitesi.
Wright, S.L., (2005). Loneliness in the Workplace, A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of, Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at the University of Canterbury. (Date of Access: 11.03.2017) https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35458935.pdf